A Vocabulary Refresher
for Self-Publishing Authors

Think about what you want to write about or what you feel is important to write about, then visualise how you can carry it out effectively. You’ll also need to identify your market, learn to view things from their perspective, and pinpoint the most effective channels for reaching them.

Do your due diligence and research your genre. Look at what readers are buying and analyse commonalities like themes, structures, and word count. Take a step further and see how you can make something familiar yet entirely your own.

A book can help you build your professional reputation, prove your expertise, or promote your existing business. Ask yourself whose problem you want to fix to get a good grasp of the solutions you should present and the manner in which you should present them.

Prepare yourself for the long-haul, because the pursuit of creative fulfilment can take years and years. You may want to seek writing communities and workshops where you can make connections and find support, whether it’s simple advice or a chance for acquisition.

Nonfiction

Nonfiction books usually come in the form of chronological accounts (biography, memoir, history), themed anthologies (essays, interviews), or guides (thought leadership, how-tos, travel guides, handbooks, cookbooks). Try outlining a nonfiction book with a mind map or chapter by chapter.

Mind map

This is a diagram that lets you brainstorm organically without having to structure your thoughts. As you put an idea for a chapter on paper, you’ll be able to think of associated ideas and create a network; in this way, you can also find relationships among your thoughts and let the network continue to grow as you solidify connections between concepts.

Chapters

Nonfiction books mostly have 12-15 chapters. When outlining by chapter, you can get started by breaking your big idea into 12-15 bullet points. Name each chapter and create subheads with corresponding word counts. Give yourself a goal of 500-1500 words per subhead and treat each subhead as a complete article.

Download our free editable nonfiction planning worksheets:

Mind Map

Chapter Planning

Fiction

A fiction outline doesn’t always have to comprise a chronological process. Sometimes it’s better to think of scenes first or focus on developing your protagonist’s arc.

Mind Map

As with nonfiction, you can use a mind map to lay out the elements of your story on a network so you can see possible connections and developments.

Chronological

The next four methods are for those who prefer to plan their stories chronologically, starting from the beginning and proceeding in a linear fashion all the way to the end.

• Freytag’s Pyramid

Named after German writer Gustav Freytag, this pyramid, also known as the dramatic arc, is the standard story structure taught in English class.

• Exposition: Set your scene and establish your protagonist's background.
• Inciting Incident: Introduce a problem that affects your protagonist and sets off a chain of events.
• Rising Action: The plot thickens. Your protagonist's problem gets more complicated.
• Climax: The tension in the story reaches a fever pitch.
• Falling Action: Show the result of the climax.
• Resolution: Your protagonist emerges victorious—or not.

• 3-Act Structure

Based on screenplay structure, the 3-act structure is basically an elongation of Freytag’s Pyramid.

• Set Up: Introduce your characters and establish narrative tension with an inciting moment. Let your characters have second thoughts, then end Act 1 on a climax.
• Confrontation: Introduce several obstacles; each time the characters try to resolve the situation, it gets worse. After a big twist at the midpoint, let things escalate into a disaster. End Act 2 with the biggest crisis.
• Resolution: In Act 3, the action finally begins to descend. Don’t forget to tie up any loose ends.

• Hero’s Journey

American professor Joseph Campbell popularised the study of the monomyth, or the hero’s journey, which has 17 parts in 3 phases.

• Departure: Your protagonist goes on an adventure.
• Initiation: They undergo a series of challenges.
• Return: They come home having changed.

• Storyboarding

If you don’t want to be bogged down by a thousand details before you’ve even started writing, you can simply brainstorm major scenes first using a storyboard, or a series of sketches about key moments throughout the story. Identify a key moment, draw it on a board (it doesn’t have to be art!), and write a one-sentence description. A good number of scenes for an 80,000-word book would be 60-70. After completing your storyboard, go over it and rearrange or even cut out scenes as needed.

Ingermanson’s Snowflake Method

American writer, physicist, and writing coach Randy Ingermanson based this method on the Koch snowflake. In the same way that the snowflake builds up in a sequence of stages, so does your story, from a one-sentence summary to character development to scene development.

Download our free editable fiction planning worksheets:

Mind Map

Freytag’s Pyramid

3-Act Structure

Hero’s Journey

Storyboarding

Ingermanson’s Snowflake Method

Nonfiction

While both fiction and nonfiction can benefit from research, nonfiction absolutely requires it, even if you’re pulling information from your own life to write a memoir. Research ensures not only accuracy but also texture in your storytelling. The more details you are able to mine, compile, and present, the more believable and entertaining your story will be.

Make sure to use different kinds of sources to enhance the quality of your research:

• Conduct online searches.
• Peruse libraries and bookstores.
• Access public records.
• Interview relevant people.
• Immerse yourself in particular experiences.

Because of the nebulous nature of research, you may find yourself spending more time on it than the actual writing of your book. So get started by creating a framework. Make a list of things to search online, books and articles to read, interviews to conduct, and so on. You should then allot ample time for each item on your checklist and stick to that timeline.

Fiction

For fiction, you’ll need to prepare at least three things to move to the writing phase:

• Characters
• Setting
• Plot

But you can’t just point at a random person and call them a character in your story. To put it simply, a story happens when someone with a goal encounters a hindrance or a series of hindrances.

Come up with a protagonist’s goals by examining what motivates them in life and then asking what they would do to satisfy those needs. And then on the other side of the coin, come up with an antagonist, a situation, an environmental change, or all of the above to create conflict.

To make sure that your protagonist engages readers, build their profile. Are they introverted or extroverted? What’s their biggest strength? Their biggest flaw? What’s the color of their hair? What’s their occupation? How many siblings do they have? What’s their mother’s name?

Those details may mostly stay hidden from your readers, but you would be able to imagine your characters’ behaviour and decisions more clearly.

As you create the profile, you should also decide on their character arc by determining their capacity for change. Do they change over the course of the story, or do they stay the same? How does this change (or lack thereof) affect their world and the people around them?

Finally, you must choose a setting that will serve as the context for your story’s character development, conflict, and plot.

A good story setting

1. Supports character development by tying into your character’s motivations and goals; and
2. Complements the plot by reinforcing the development of tension and enhancing turning points in the story.

POV

POV is the narrative voice you’re using to tell the story. Every type has its own pros, cons, and popular genre.

Tense

Both fiction and nonfiction books tend to be written in the past tense, but this doesn’t mean you can’t try using the present tense. Present tense can give your story a sense of immediacy and even make it feel like a movie. You can also use it together with first person POV to intensify the effect an unreliable narrator can have on the reader. But you should keep in mind that present tense can reduce the effectiveness of your prose since you’re forced to include potentially non-essential details. You would also have less dramatic tension since you’re limited to creating tension out of what’s happening at the moment, as opposed to building tension through the narrator’s knowledge of the past when using past tense.

Word count

From the writing stage to the publishing stage, your word count can make or break your book. Use the following figures as a rough guide to give your book a chance to succeed.

Children’s Fiction

• Ages 3-8: 50–800 words
• Ages 5-9: 200–3,500 words
• Ages 7-10: 10,000–12,000 words
• Ages 8-12: 20,000–25,000 words
• Ages 12+: 50,000–80,000 words

Adult Fiction

• Short Story: 1,000–8,000 words
• Novella: 20,000–40,000 words
• Romance: 50,000–90,000 words
• Mystery and Horror: 70,000–90,000 words
• Literary Novel: 70,000–110,000 words
• Thriller: 90,000–100,000 words
• Historical Fiction: 90,000–110,000 words
• Science Fiction and Fantasy: 90,000–120,000 words

Adult Nonfiction

• Self-Help and How-To: 20,000–50,000 words
• Travel and Nature: 40,000–70,000 words
• Nonfiction Book: 50,000–100,000 words
• Memoir: 60,000–90,000 words
• Biography: 80,000–150,000 words