The Unified Theory of Mass, Gravity, Light & The Big Bang

CHAPTER IV     Mass

Prominent in any theory of gravity is the mysterious property known as mass. Mass may be defined as that property which causes a body to posses inertia and is common to all matter. The concept of mass is so important that it is difficult to imagine solving most scientific or engineering problems without it. In spite of this, the nature of mass is a total mystery that must be understood before we can ever hope to understand or to control the force of gravity.

Isaac Newton provided us with virtually everything we know about mass today in his second law of motion.

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
An unbalanced force (F), acting on a body, causes the body to accelerate in the direction of the force. The acceleration (a) is directly proportional to the unbalanced force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Mathematically:

By rearranging equation [IV - 1] so that it reads m = F/a, we obtain an expression that defines the mass of a body as the ratio that is obtained when the force applied to the body is divided by the resulting acceleration of the body. In this way we can measure and use mass any where in the universe, but we do not have a clue as to what causes it. In order to try to understand the nature of mass and the mechanics of its manifestations, let us rearrange equation [IV - 1] again so that:

and look for another expression for force that is also a function of non-uniform linear motion. The only expression that comes close is the equation that describes the mechanics of a body moving through a fluid at constant velocity:

where:

Since equation [IV -3] describes uniform linear motion and we want non-uniform motion, we take the derivative of equation [IV-3] with respect to time:

Replacing v with dL/dt and multiplying both sides by dt we obtain

Since ρ x A x dL = mass density x volume = mass (m),

Substituting acceleration (a) for dv/dt and setting F₁ = 0,we have

Now, however, the mass (m) refers to the mass of the fluid being accelerated by the motion of the body through the fluid, not to the mass of the actual body, as was the case with equation [IV - 2].

By virtue of Newton's Third Law Of Motion, “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction,” we find that

where:

this allows us to use the mass and acceleration of the body, which we are able to measure, in place of the mass and acceleration of the fluid which, in this case, we are not able to measure.

It now appears that the very existence of the property of inertia along with Newton's Third Law of Motion (equation [IV-7] ) is a very strong indication, if not actual proof, of the reality of that mysterious, all pervading fluid ,“ether,” which was hypothesized and then discarded a century ago. It also appears that we are not referring to bodies in the conventional sense. To do so would imply that all bodies of the same size and shape would be expected to have the same mass, regardless of their composition. This would also imply that all bodies, other than spheres, would exhibit different masses when the force is applied in different directions. This is clearly not the case since observation tells us that the mass of all bodies is a function of volume and composition and is independent of the direction of applied force.

But we also know bodies are composed of matter which consists mostly of empty space occupied only by essentially solid particles which are incredibly small and are tremendously widely spaced in all directions. If we postulate the existence of an all pervading “ether” which occupies and flows through these relatively vast open spaces in matter, unhampered except by the these solid particles, and if the solid particles are so widely spaced that, even if one immediately follows the other, the "ether" streamlines have both the time and distance to reform. We can then postulate that, in any body, the sum of th