Mental Illness

Neurophysiology is the study of how nerve cells, or neurons, receives and transmits information. Two types of phenomena are involved in processing nerve signals electrical and chemical. Electrical events propagate a signal within a neuron, and chemical processes transmit the signal from one neuron to another neuron or to a muscle cell. A neuron is a long cell that has a thick central area containing the nucleus, it also has one long process called an axon and one or more short, bushy processes called dendrites. Any of the impulse-conducting cells that constitute the brain, spinal column, and nerves, consisting of a nucleated cell body with one or more dendrites and a single axon, also called a nerve cell. As the axon is usually a long process of nerve fibre that generally conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell. Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons. (The exceptions are sensory neurons, such as those that transmit information about temperature or touch, in which the signal is generated by specialized receptors in the skin.) These impulses are propagated electrically along the cell membrane to the end of the axon. At the tip of the axon the signal is chemically transmitted to an adjacent neuron or muscle cell. The dendrite is a mineral crystallizing in another mineral in the form of branching or treelike marks. A branching protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body, as a single nerve cell posses many dendrites, and also called a dendron. Like all other cells, neurons contain charged ions: Potassium and sodium (positively charged) and chlorine (negatively charged). Neurons differ from other cells in that they are able to produce a nerve impulse. A neuron is polarized that is, it has an overall negative charge inside the cell membrane because of the high concentration of chlorine ions and low concentration of potassium and sodium ions. The concentration of these same ions is exactly reversed outside the cell. This charge differential represents stored electrical energy, sometimes referred to as membrane potential or resting potential. The negative charge inside the cell is maintained by two features. The first is the selective permeability of the cell membrane, which is more permeable to potassium than sodium. The second feature is sodium pumps within the cell membrane that actively pump sodium out of the cell. When depolarization occurs, this charge differential across the membrane is reversed, and a nerve impulse is produced. Depolarization is a rapid change in the permeability of the cell membrane, depolarizing to remove the outlook from a particular influence or control of a partial or completely eliminating counter-interacting polarity, or condition of polarity, as a condition of polarization as a process or state of opposing attributes or principles that partially or complete separation of positive and negative electric charge in a nuclear, atomic, molecular or chemical system. When sensory input or any other kind of stimulating current is received by the neuron, the membrane permeability is changed, allowing a sudden influx of sodium ions into the cell. The high concentration of sodium, or action potential, changes, on the whole, from that which of one end to another intention of something, especially the charges from that within the cell from its negative to the positive, as the local changes in ion concentration triggers similar reactions along the membrane, by its propagating of the nerve impulse. An impelling force for bearing an interactive surge in bettering the electric current or voltage, in one direction, the electrochemical transmission of a signal along a nerve fibre produces an excitatory or inhibitory response at a target tissue or acting upon an impulse.